Ethical considerations with genetic modification of plants and animals

I have used a picture of the website below to cover a section of the poster https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/technical-documents/articles/biowire/zfn-technology.html

another great article I have used to say the science on its own is not enough but an ethical matrix is necessary. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2011.08.003

This article was useful to extract some information to use in the conclusion http://www.academiascientiarium.va/content/dam/accademia/pdf/sv113/sv113-weale.pdf

Added images to the poster: Butelli, E., Titta, L., Giorgio, M., Mock, H. P., Matros, A., Peterek, S., Schijlen, E., Hall, R. G., Bovy, A. G., Luo, J., Martin, C. (2008). Enrichment of tomato fruit with health-promoting anthocyanins by expression of select transcription factors. Nature Biotechnology, 26 , 1301–1308. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1506

I have used this article for my public opinion survey regarding people's sense of ethics regarding animal cloning. the gene editing-mediated on target genetic modification for an animal breeding. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tetsuya_Ishii/publication/316237628_Genome-edited_livestock_Ethics_and_social_acceptance/links/58f6dedc45851506cd30fe71/Genome-edited-livestock-Ethics-and-social-acceptance.pdf Citation:  https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tetsuya_Ishii/publication/316237628_Genome-edited_livestock_Ethics_and_social_acceptance/links/58f6dedc45851506cd30fe71/Genome-edited-livestock-Ethics-and-social-acceptance.pdf [Accessed 12 Dec. 2019].

This is how our final poster looks like. Jack and I did the final alteration and adjustment in the library.

MY notes on Agrobacterium gene transfer https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fEhQ9sQzgi7tEN5XhTHs9xpjfI9LuQYB/view?usp=sharing

I thought Purplee tomatoes would be an interesting case study to speak about as it has a lot of benefits but people still have distrust. The link to an abstract is there but I have managed to ghet hold of the full article so I'll send an email with the my notes attached. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1nDgJ9E8t8P7XP88Q5760LFKZvlkZBFrx/view?usp=sharing

Added my own, Nadias and Soniyas references to the reference list

An article highlighting risks and importance of GMO crops Mathur, V., Javid, L., Kulshrestha, S., Mandal, A., & Reddy, A. A. (2017). World cultivation of genetically modified crops: opportunities and risks. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews(pp. 45-87). Springer, Cham.

A more relevant survey about uk public opinion from 2018 and UK farmers. https://www.fginsight.com/news/news/three-quarters-of-uk-farmers-would-adopt-gm-crop-technology-if-uk-regs-changed-90646 Dyer, A. (2019, 02 August) Three-quarters of UK farmers would adopt GM crop technology if UK regs changed. Farmers Guardian. Retrieved 03 December, 2019, from https://www.fginsight.com/news/news/three-quarters-of-uk-farmers-would-adopt-gm-crop-technology-if-uk-regs-changed-90646

Another source about agrobacterium tumerfaciens https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0734975018302064 I found this a while ago but I kept forgetting about the blog

this is the latest version of our poster now, it took a while to make the adjustments: downsize to A1, change the fonts to match as well as the size.

Our poster is starting to show some consistency I think. I still need to amend my introduction because I find the picture of CRISPR/Cas too small so maybe get rid of the application picture from the middle and put how is CRISPR used. I think we still need to add the ethical framework for animals and plants and how is the public feeling about genetically modified animals to match up with Jack's research of the plant one.

The statistics show a clear decline in the number of animals used in scientific researches. The total number went down by 4% between 2015 and 2017 and that is mainly because some animals are used for more that one procedure. During the last few years, there was an increase in genetically modified animals being bred, specifically mice. https://speakingofresearch.com/facts/uk-statistics/ Citation: Speaking of Research. (2019).  UK Animal Research Statistics . [online] Available at: https://speakingofresearch.com/facts/uk-statistics/ 

I've used the statistics from this chapter of the book highlighting the increase of genetically modified crops up to 2014 to put in my introduction. Unfortunately, because Uk is not one of the leading Countries I find it hard to find data to be based on our poster. Citation Mathur, V., Javid, L., Kulshrestha, S., Mandal, A., & Reddy, A. A. (2017). World cultivation of genetically modified crops: opportunities and risks. In Sustainable Agriculture Reviews(pp. 45-87). Springer, Cham.

The reference list was taking up a big chunk of the poster so I have turned it into a QR Link. Please email me your references so I can add it on. Thank you

Jack Martin - I have found a table from the source listed below which has the list of risks and benefits of GMO Crops that I think is useful. What do you think? https://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol4/iss1/art13/

I find this article really spot on and some of the information can be used in the genetic engineering of plants. I cannot access the full article maybe Salford uni doesn't have the license but still enough information in the abstract to extract some information. https://www.nature.com/articles/nplants2017107#citeas Citation: Yin, K., Gao, C. & Qiu, J. Progress and prospects in plant genome editing.  Nature Plants   3,  17107 (2017) doi:10.1038/nplants.2017.107

100,000 signature e-petition handed to the Parliamentary to convince the government to formally commit to introduce this law to replace EU regulations which will cease to apply in the UK after Brexit.  Leaving the EU without recognising sentience would make animals vulnerable to the government creating new laws, policies or trade deals that do not take animals’ welfare needs into account. https://www.worldanimalprotection.org.uk/news/success-animal-sentience-recognised-in-uk-law UK World Animal Protection. (2019).  Success! Animal sentience to be recognised in UK law . [online] Available at: https://www.worldanimalprotection.org.uk/news/success-animal-sentience-recognised-in-uk-law [Accessed 10 Dec. 2019].

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10806-011-9306-6 Useful for ethics

Can use this article for whoever is talking about the pros and cons of using GM plants, I’ve used it to talk about GM animals https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/genetically-modified-organisms-gmos-transgenic-crops-and-732/

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/singing-mice-duets-brain-patterns-human-speech

Good background information on the singing mice example! First journal article I could find! Otherwise majority are only newspaper articles https://eur01.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.plos.org%2Fplosone%2Farticle%3Fid%3D10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0113628&data=02%7C01%7CS.Jhangir%40edu.salford.ac.uk%7Cc942152973c545fac02c08d77c108212%7C65b52940f4b641bd833d3033ecbcf6e1%7C0%7C1%7C637114282648657204&sdata=Jd%2Bk2ravN97eMD2PXawUTr71uZIDEQhAJKF2pUo%2FD5I%3D&reserved=0

Reading Natalie's assignment brief, there is a clear note to use powerpoint hence the reason I changed it to powerpoint instead of publisher. I will email you all a copy to use it because somehow I can't attach it and the screenshot is blurry. Please remember to check for similarity before you send it back to me.

An amazing way to learn about CRISPR/Cas 9, five different levels of understanding so easy to grasp! https://youtu.be/sweN8d4_MUg

Very useful video on how to make a poster, although this is in powerpoint and you suggested publisher I think the font style and size apply to both. to summerise for an A0 poster: Title - non-serif font style 85 pt Main body - serif style 24pt Authors - 56pt Heading 36pt Captains 18pt Use line spacing (1.5) and better to not justify the paragraphs

I have made some changes to the poster layout. I will email you all a copy so that you can add your part and in the meeting tomorrow we can discuss it. 

http://www.ask-force.org/web/Rice/Davis-Genetic-Modification-2007.pdf

An interesting video about GMOs to watch. according to this video, some scientists think that GMOs could be used to save lives in a variety of ways. Golden rice was modified to contain an important amount of beta carotene in a way to solve vitamin A deficiency. scientists are also considering the development of genetically modified spicy tomatoes that contain the same gene to make Capsaicin responsible for the spice as jalapeno or habanero. These are the highlight but there are other interesting GMOs in this video such as vaccination and the allergen-free milk. https://youtu.be/Ub4OFs4YIY8 Citation:  Youtu.be. (2019).  YouTube . [online] Available at: https://youtu.be/Ub4OFs4YIY8.

I have used some of the details listed in this report and attached this related picture found on the web. http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/Oxitec_unansweredQs_fin.pdf Citation: Genewatch.org. (2019). [online] Available at: http://www.genewatch.org/uploads/f03c6d66a9b354535738483c1c3d49e4/Oxitec_unansweredQs_fin.pdf [Accessed 10 Dec. 2019].

I've made this poster layout for our presentation on publisher, check it out and let me know what do you think! Please ignore the titles we can discuss it on our arranged meeting Tuesday the 3rd of December.

We had a group meeting today and we all attended, and discussed our individual sections of the poster and shared any research we did.

The human type-1 HIV virus affects more than 36.7 million people worldwide. CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology combined with laser art got rid of latent HIV-I in model mice. An example of animal uses to benefit humans and cure diseases. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-10366-y Dash, P. K., Kaminski, R., Bella, R., Su, H., Mathews, S., Ahooyi, T. M., ... & Donadoni, M. (2019). Sequential LASER ART and CRISPR treatments eliminate HIV-1 in a subset of infected humanized mice.  Nature communications ,  10 (1), 1-20.

Ethical considerations with genetic modification of plants and animals: I found these results from a survey about GM food/... : I found these results from a survey about GM food/ crops. I'm struggling to find the original survey though, just more of the media repo... Reply by Nadia  21/11/2019 The Chinese survey was based on 2063 questionnaires out of nearly 1.4 billion of the overall population. The most negative attitude came from the older generation born before 1969 with 59.3% due to lack of education and background knowledge. I think Chinese consumers have a trust issue more than anything else! They don't believe what the government supports or says. China, in my opinion, should be in favour of GM food due to the fast-growing population and the need to feed the upcoming generation. Overall 46.7% have a negative view on GM food whilst only 11.9% approve it coming from people with science knowledge so people need to be educated to understand first what is Geneti

Ethical considerations with genetic modification of plants and animals: Soniya, Mo and Nadia had a meeting and discussed o... : Soniya, Mo and Nadia had a meeting and discussed our individual section we need to complete Our new meeting is to take place on Thursday the 28th of November. I have booked a room in the Clifford Whitworth Library. Will see you all there

Oxford university justifies the use of primates in their neuroscience department, highlighting the UK regulation on research using animals. The university has an injunction set in place to protect their staff, students and anyone else involved in the handling and usage of animals in researches. http://www.ox.ac.uk/news-and-events/animal-research/research-using-animals-an-overview Ox.ac.uk. (2019).  Research using animals: an overview | University of Oxford . [online] Available at: http://www.ox.ac.uk/news-and-events/animal-research/research-using-animals-an-overview.

I found these results from a survey about GM food/ crops. I'm struggling to find the original survey though, just more of the media reporting on said survey. https://cropscience.bayer.co.uk/blog/articles/2016/12/general-public-backs-use-of-technology-in-farming-poll-finds/ The article below is much more recent however only shows the perception of GMO's in China https://www.nature.com/articles/s41538-018-0018-4 Should we limit the public opinion side of the ethical argument to UK, European, or globally?? 

Soniya, Mo and Nadia had a meeting and discussed our individual section we need to complete

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/research-and-testing-using-animals

We had a group meeting today and everyone attended

Animals are used in translational researches because of their similar physiology to humans. They share genetic, behavioral and biochemical activities to humans. In this article Anderson and winter. (2017) highlighted the use of animals in the research fields and talked about applications where animal models replaced humans to find a cure to certain diseases. William Russell, a zoologist, and Rex Burch, a microbiologist introduced the aspect of the 3 R's as ethical conduct to be adapted in a lab setting. R educe the number of animals used. R efinement which uses methods that avoid animal suffering. R eplacement of animals by other organisms or microorganisms.   http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201720170238 Citation: Andersen, M. L., & Winter, L. M. (2017). Animal models in biological and biomedical research-experimental and ethical concerns.  Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências , (AHEAD), 0-0.

This chapter of a book written by Bharati et al., (2020), gives an explanation of gene editing, the existing methods and a comparison between CRISP/Cas9 Vs ZFNs. It also highlights the applications of gene editing and most importantly the ethical issues faced when using this technology in animals in terms of benefits Vs risks. Have a read and share your thoughts. Nadia https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816352-8.00003-5 Bharati, J., Punetha, M., Kumar, B. S., Vidyalakshmi, G. M., Sarkar, M., Michael, J. D., & Singh, R. K. (2020). Genome editing in animals: an overview. In  Genomics and Biotechnological Advances in Veterinary, Poultry, and Fisheries  (pp. 75-104). Academic Press.

We handed the formative assignment in today, which was contributed by all of us in the group.

Soniya, Jack and Nadia have created the blog today